Acne: Impacts on teenagers and adults

Acne is a prevalent skin condition characterized by pimples, blackheads, and cysts, often causing emotional distress and physical discomfort. It predominantly affects teenagers, but many adults also experience its burden, leading to an increased interest in understanding this condition. The geographical incidence of acne varies, with higher rates in Western countries, likely due to diet and lifestyle, while Asian and African nations show lower prevalence.

The symptoms of acne are well-documented: inflamed papules, pustules, and non-inflamed comedones are common. It is most prevalent on the face, back, and chest. In teenagers, hormonal fluctuations during puberty increase sebum production, clogging hair follicles and attracting bacteria. Adults, particularly women, often see acne due to hormonal changes, stress, and even certain medications.

Traditional treatments for acne include topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, and oral antibiotics. These treatments aim to reduce oil production, accelerate skin cell turnover, and reduce inflammation. However, long-term use of antibiotics raises concerns about antibiotic resistance, steering focus towards alternative treatments.

Recent developments in acne treatment highlight laser and light therapies, targeting deeper skin layers to kill bacteria and reduce sebum production. Dermatologists also advocate for chemical peels and microdermabrasion as effective strategies for managing acne scars that significantly impact one’s self-esteem.

Anecdotally, Cleopatra was known to bathe in donkey milk, believing its lactic acid content would maintain her youthful skin, an early precursor to modern exfoliation methods. Today, dietary changes are also recommended. Scientific studies suggest that diets low in dairy and high glycemic index foods may reduce acne severity.

Emerging treatments focus on hormonal manipulation and microbiome research. For instance, anti-androgen drugs, initially used for other conditions, are now repurposed for acne treatment in women, balancing hormonal fluctuations. Furthermore, probiotics are gaining attention for their potential to alter the skin microbiome and enhance skin health.

Hair loss, often linked with skin issues, demands attention. It’s influenced by genetics, hormones, and stress. Traditional treatments like minoxidil have shown efficacy. Recently, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy has emerged, enhancing hair regrowth by stimulating hair follicles through growth factors derived from one’s blood.

Atopic dermatitis, a condition causing itchy and inflamed skin, affects both children and adults. It’s managed through emollients and corticosteroids. The breakthrough drug Dupilumab, an injectable biologic, has shown to significantly improve symptoms by modulating the immune response, marking a significant advancement in treatment strategies.

Psoriasis, an autoimmune condition, presents with red, scaly patches. Traditional treatments like phototherapy and topical corticosteroids remain staple options. However, biologic drugs have improved outcomes, targeting specific immune pathways to reduce flare-ups. Lifestyle changes, such as stress reduction and a balanced diet, are also beneficial.

Dental care, surprisingly linked to dermatological health, underscores the importance of a holistic approach. Poor oral hygiene can exacerbate systemic inflammation, affecting conditions like acne and psoriasis. Regular dental check-ups and good oral habits are crucial not only for oral health but possibly for clearer skin.